Abbasid Dynasty

FACTORS - FACTOR APPEARS Abbasid

Abbasid dynasty thatruled for about six centuries (132-656 AH / 750-1258 AD), founded by Abul Abbasal-Saffah assisted by Abu Muslim al-Khurasani, a Muslim general who came fromKhurasan, Presia. Resistance movements against the Umayyad dynasty has actuallybeen done since the early days of the Umayyad dynasty rule, only the movementis always thwarted by the military power of the Umayyads, so the movement cannot run movement for genuine opposition groups launched a strong attack. But intimes of the end of the Umayyad dynasty, the movement is getting stronger asthe number of protests from people who feel they are not satisfied with theperformance and policies pemerinatah Umayyad dynasty. This movement found itsmomentum when the leaders of Bani Hashim dai launched its assault.

The figures includeMuhammad bin Ali, one of the family of Abbas, who use the city as a center ofactivity perlawanana Khufa. Movement of Muhammad ibn Ali received support fromgroups that are always placed mawali as second-class society. In addition,strong support from Shiite groups who demand their right to rule that had beentaken by the Umayyad dynasty Bani. Finally in 132 MH / 750 M, Marwan binMuhammad can be defeated and killed akhrinya mengenasakan in Fustat, Egypt in132 AH / 705 AD Since then, the Abbasid dynasty officially began to stand.

PROGRESSIN THE FIELD OF SOCIAL Abbasid CULTURE

As a dynasty, theAbbasid Caliphate in power more than five centuries, has provided a positivecontribution to the development of science and civilization of Islam. Of theapproximately 37 people who once ruled the caliphate, Caliph there are somepeople who actually possess the awareness to develop science and Islamiccivilization, as well as many other fields, such as areas of social andcultural rights.

Among sosila kemjuan inthe field of culture is the process of acculturation and assimilation of thecommunity. Diverse social circumstances that have a positive impact in thedevelopment and advancement of Islamic civilization during this period. Becausewith the knowledge and skills they have, can be used to advance the social andcultural fields other which later became the symbol for the advancement of thesocio-cultural and other sciences. Among the socio-cultural advancement of sciencethat exist at the time of the Abbasid Caliph coordination is the art ofbuilding and architecture, both for building palaces, mosques, and othermunicipal buildings. Art asitektur pembangunanan used in palaces and cities, asin the palace Qashrul dzahabi, and Qashrul Khuldi, temporary buildings such asthe construction of the city of Baghdad, Samarra and other.

Progress has alsooccurred in the field of literary language and the art of music. In the mas isborn a poet and humanist famous, such as Abu Nawas, Abu Athahiyah, AlMutanabby, Abdullah bin Muqaffa and others. Work of their ideas can still beread until now, as the book kalilah wa Dimna. While well-known figure in thefield of music that is now his work is also still used Jonah bin Sulaiman Khalilbin Ahmad, Islamic music theorist Al Farabi and others.

In addition to theareas mentioned above, there was also progress in the field of education. Inthose early maa pemerinath Abbasid dynasty, has been widely diushakan by thecaliphs to develop the education and promotion. Because they went on toestablish educational institutions, ranging from elementary to high tingakat.

PROGRESSIN THE POLITICAL AND MILITARY

Among thecharacteristics that are very striking differences between the Umayyad dynastyby the Abbasid dynasty, is located on the issuance of a policy orientation..Umayyad Dynasty government that issued the policy orientation is always theexpansionist efforts of his reign. While the Abbasid dynasty government,focusing more efforts on the development of science and civilization of Islam,so that the reign is known as the golden age of Islamic civilization. Even so,efforts to maintain the territory remains an important thing to do. To thatend, the Abbasid dynasty government to renew the political system of governmentand military order.

Coordinated policy forall military and running properly, then the Abbasid government established thedepartment of defense and security, called diwanul Jundi. This is thedepartment which regulates all related to military defense and security. Establishmentwas based on the fact that in the military political pemertintahan Abbasiddynasty, banayak uprising and even some areas of government trying to separatethemselves from the Abbasid Dynasty

PROGRESSIN THE FIELD OF SCIENCE

The success of the Muslims during the reign of theAbbasid dynasty in the development of science and the science of Islamiccivilization as a whole, not apart from the various factors that support. Amongthese are the Abbasid government policy towards non-Arab communities (mawali),which has the intellectual and cultural traditions that have long researchencompasses their lives. They are given in the form of material or financialfacilities and a place to continue to study science through a variety ofreference materials that have been written or reviewed by the previous. Thepolicy was a very positive impact for the development and advancement ofscience and science that brought this dinasty fragrant.

Thus, many experts in many emerging areas ofscience, like philosophy, famous philosophers of the time, among others,Al-Kindi (185-260 H / 801-873 AD). Abu Nasr al-faraby, (258-339 H / 870-950 AD)and others. Progress of science and civilization of Islam also occurred in thefield of historical science, earth science, astronomy and so on. Among thefirst historians of the famous Muslim who lived during the time this isMuhammad ibn Ishaq (d. 152 AH / 768 AD).

SCIENCEPROGRESS IN RELIGION ISLAM

The reign of theAbbasid dynasty which lasted for five centuries (750-1258 AD), was recorded asthe glory days of Islamic science and civilization. Progress of science andIslamic civilization, especially the progress in science of religion, not loosedariperan well as the clergy and the government is giving strong support, bothmoral support, material and finansia, to the scholars. Pemeruntah seriousattention from scholars who are making want to develop this science had astrong motivation, so they strive to develop and advance science and perdabanIslam. Dianata Islamic science developing and developed the science of Hadith,Tafsir, the science of fiqh and Sufism

AbbasidDestruction

Once in power more orless five centuries (750-1258 AD), finally the 'Abbasids had periods of bleak.This bleak period occurs when the employer after Al-Ma'mun, al-Al-MutawakkilMu'tashim and no longer have an enormous power, because the caliphs after moreof a puppet of the emirs and the Wajir and Salajikah Buwaihiyah dynasty. TheAbbasid caliph in the last period is more concerned with the interests ofcloning, rather than public interests. Dereliction of their duties to eachother as leaders and heads of state, even many of those who prefer to livebermewah-luxury. In the end they lose the power to uphold the spirit of juan.

This fact dipengaruhuipremises Muslim political situation at that time. Antra ethnic conflict andethnic groups are common, especially the feud between Arabs and Persians withthe Turks. The dispute occurred when the Turks had a strategic positiondipemerintahan and shifting the position of the Arabs and Persians, which aretwo tribes that have an important role in the founding of the Abbasid rule. Inthe reign of Caliph al-Mutawakkil, the stronger the influence of the Turks,Arabs and Persians so jealous. This anti-Turkish attitude eventually ledinsurgency in each region, who then set up each of the local powers.

Among the local forcesare very influential in the process melemahnay Abbasid power was due to thewide area of ​​power so it can not make good the premises of government controlthroughout the territory, so the opportunity was utilized by local authoritiesthat are far from the central government to break into small kingdoms. Amongthe small kingdoms that can escape is Buwaihiyah Dynasty (945-1055 AD),Salajiqah Dynasty (1037-1157 AD). Bani Dinasty Fatimids founded in Tunisia inthe year 297-323 AH / 909-934 AD by Al Mahdi. This dynasty ruled for a longtime, until it was destroyed by Saladin al-Ayyubi. Idrisiyah dynasty founded byIdris ibn Abdullah (172-311 H / 788-932 AD) dynasty was founded by Ibrahim binAghlabiyah Aghlab (184-296 H / 800-909 AD), Thuluniyah dynasty, founded byAhmad ibn Tulun (254 - H/868-905 292 M). Ikhsyidiyah dynasty, founded byMuhammad ibn Tughj (323-358 H / 935-969 AD), Hamdaniyah dynasty, founded byHamdan bin Hamdan (293-394 AH / 905-1004 AD), Thahriyah dynasty, founded byTahir ibn Husayn (205 -259 H / AD 821-873), Samanids dynasty, founded by SamanKhuda (261-9-389 H / 874-999 AD).

The emergence of thesekingdoms, to some extent weaken the royal power and prestige of Bani Abbas. Forat least the influence of income and reduced the caliphs of Bani Abbas. Overtime, will bring weakness, deterioration and then destruction of the Abbasiddynasty.

Another issue that alsoweakens the power of the Abbasid adalh internal conflicts among the Bani Abbas.This conflict is exploited by the newcomers, like the Turks who then controlledsystem Dinastu Abbasid rule. Even the Turks established the established powersin the region of the Abbasid government and in charge of Baghdad. When thecaliph weakened, both militarily or economically, the mercenary forcesdominate, so that they create dependency caliph to mercenaries. This dependenceis one of the factors causing the weakening of the Abbasid rule.

 By the time all have weaknesses, a new forcearrived and tried to destroy the Abbasid dynasty, namely the power of theMongols. Hulaghu under the leadership of Khan, the city of Baghdad as thecenter of the Abbasid rule in the melted bullion in 1258 m. Mongols attack markedthe end of the reign of the Abbasid dynasty.

by: Fahmi Hidayati